![]() Expert systems were already outliers in much of the business world, requiring new skills that many IT departments did not have and were not eager to develop. As a result, client server had a tremendous impact on the expert systems market. This model also enabled business units to bypass corporate IT departments and directly build their own applications. Calculations and reasoning could be performed at a fraction of the price of a mainframe using a PC. The imbalance between the high affordability of the relatively powerful chips in the PC, compared to the much more expensive cost of processing power in the mainframes that dominated the corporate IT world at the time, created a new type of architecture for corporate computing, termed the client-server model. In 1981, the first IBM PC, with the PC DOS operating system, was introduced. Expert systems became some of the first truly successful forms of artificial intelligence (AI) software. The idea that 'intelligent systems derive their power from the knowledge they possess rather than from the specific formalisms and inference schemes they use' – as Feigenbaum said – was at the time a significant step forward, since the past research had been focused on heuristic computational methods, culminating in attempts to develop very general-purpose problem solvers (foremostly the conjunct work of Allen Newell and Herbert Simon). The Stanford researchers tried to identify domains where expertise was highly valued and complex, such as diagnosing infectious diseases (Mycin) and identifying unknown organic molecules (Dendral). Expert systems were formally introduced around 1965 by the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project led by Edward Feigenbaum, who is sometimes termed the 'father of expert systems' other key early contributors were Bruce Buchanan and Randall Davis. ![]()
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